第十三单元的语法重点很多,但它们有一个共同目标:让你能表达更复杂的意思。
你不只是说“我喜欢”“我去了”“它很好”。你开始学会说:我通过什么方式学习;我认为某件事怎样;我以前怎样,现在怎样;某物由什么制成;某物什么时候被发明;某人应该被允许做什么;某物一定属于谁;我喜欢什么样的音乐;某事让我有什么感觉;生活中发生了什么意外。
这一节,我们把第十三单元的重要语法整理成清楚的结构。
核心句子
English | 中文 |
I learn English by listening. | 我通过听来学习英语。 |
I think that mooncakes are delicious. | 我认为月饼很好吃。 |
Could you please tell me where the restrooms are? | 你能告诉我洗手间在哪里吗? |
I used to be shy. | 我以前很害羞。 |
The shirt is made of cotton. | 这件衬衫是棉做的。 |
The telephone was invented in 1876. | 电话是在 1876 年被发明的。 |
Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. | 青少年应该被允许选择自己的衣服。 |
It must belong to Carla. | 它一定属于 Carla。 |
I like music that I can dance to. | 我喜欢可以跟着跳舞的音乐。 |
Sad movies make me cry. | 悲伤电影让我哭。 |
By the time I arrived, the class had started. | 当我到达时,课已经开始了。 |
I remember meeting all of you in Grade 7. | 我记得在七年级见到你们所有人。 |
1. by + 动词 ing:通过……学习
表达学习方法时,可以用:
by + verb-ing
English | 中文 |
I learn English by listening. | 我通过听来学习英语。 |
I learn English by reading. | 我通过阅读来学习英语。 |
I improve speaking by practicing. | 我通过练习提高口语。 |
I remember words by using them. | 我通过使用单词来记住它们。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
learn + subject + by + verb-ing | 通过做某事学习某科目 |
improve + skill + by + verb-ing | 通过做某事提高某能力 |
remember + noun + by + verb-ing | 通过做某事记住…… |
注意:
by 后面接动词时,要用 -ing。
Wrong | Correct |
by listen | by listening |
by read | by reading |
by practice | by practicing |
2. I think that…:表达观点
表达“我认为……”时,可以用:
I think that + 句子
English | 中文 |
I think that mooncakes are delicious. | 我认为月饼很好吃。 |
I think that this festival is meaningful. | 我认为这个节日很有意义。 |
I think that learning English is useful. | 我认为学习英语很有用。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
I think that + sentence. | 我认为……。 |
I believe that + sentence. | 我相信……。 |
I know that + sentence. | 我知道……。 |
口语里,that 可以省略。
Full Form | Short Form |
I think that mooncakes are delicious. | I think mooncakes are delicious. |
I believe that family is important. | I believe family is important. |
3. 间接疑问句:礼貌提问
直接问题:
Direct Question | 中文 |
Where are the restrooms? | 洗手间在哪里? |
Where is the bank? | 银行在哪里? |
What time does the movie start? | 电影几点开始? |
更礼貌的问法:
Polite Question | 中文 |
Could you please tell me where the restrooms are? | 你能告诉我洗手间在哪里吗? |
Do you know where the bank is? | 你知道银行在哪里吗? |
Could you tell me what time the movie starts? | 你能告诉我电影几点开始吗? |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
Could you tell me + question word + normal word order? | 你能告诉我……吗? |
Do you know + question word + normal word order? | 你知道……吗? |
注意:
间接疑问句后半部分用正常语序,不用疑问语序。
Wrong | Correct |
Could you tell me where is the bank? | Could you tell me where the bank is? |
Do you know where are the restrooms? | Do you know where the restrooms are? |
Could you tell me what time does it start? | Could you tell me what time it starts? |
4. used to:过去常常 / 以前
表达过去的习惯或状态,可以用:
used to + 动词原形
English | 中文 |
I used to be shy. | 我以前很害羞。 |
I used to be afraid of the dark. | 我以前害怕黑暗。 |
I used to watch cartoons. | 我以前常常看动画片。 |
I used to have short hair. | 我以前留短发。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
used to be + adjective | 以前很…… |
used to have + noun | 以前有…… |
used to like + noun / verb-ing | 以前喜欢…… |
used to + verb | 以前常常做某事 |
否定句:
English | 中文 |
I didn’t use to like sports. | 我以前不喜欢运动。 |
She didn’t use to speak English. | 她以前不说英语。 |
疑问句:
English | 中文 |
Did you use to be shy? | 你以前害羞吗? |
Did you use to like cartoons? | 你以前喜欢动画片吗? |
注意:
否定句和疑问句里用 use to,不是 used to。
Wrong | Correct |
I didn’t used to like sports. | I didn’t use to like sports. |
Did you used to be shy? | Did you use to be shy? |
5. be made of / from / in / by
描述物品材料、产地和制作者时,可以用这些结构。
made of:由……制成,看得出原材料
English | 中文 |
The shirt is made of cotton. | 衬衫是棉做的。 |
The table is made of wood. | 桌子是木头做的。 |
The cup is made of glass. | 杯子是玻璃做的。 |
made from:由……制成,原材料变化大
English | 中文 |
Paper is made from wood. | 纸是由木材制成的。 |
Cheese is made from milk. | 奶酪是由牛奶制成的。 |
Bread is made from flour. | 面包是由面粉制成的。 |
made in:在哪里制造
English | 中文 |
It is made in China. | 它是在中国制造的。 |
These shoes are made in Italy. | 这些鞋是在意大利制造的。 |
made by:由谁制作
English | 中文 |
This card is made by hand. | 这张卡片是手工制作的。 |
This cake is made by my mother. | 这个蛋糕是我妈妈做的。 |
总结:
Expression | 中文 | Example |
made of | 由……制成,看得出材料 | The shirt is made of cotton. |
made from | 由……制成,材料变化大 | Paper is made from wood. |
made in | 在……制造 | It is made in China. |
made by | 由……制作 | It is made by hand. |
6. 过去被动语态:was / were + 过去分词
谈论发明时,常用过去被动语态。
English | 中文 |
The telephone was invented in 1876. | 电话是在 1876 年被发明的。 |
It was invented by Bell. | 它是由贝尔发明的。 |
These tools were invented many years ago. | 这些工具是很多年前被发明的。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
was + past participle | 单数主语过去被…… |
were + past participle | 复数主语过去被…… |
was invented | 被发明 |
were made | 被制作 |
例子:
English | 中文 |
The light bulb was invented many years ago. | 电灯泡是很多年前被发明的。 |
The toy was made in China. | 这个玩具是在中国制造的。 |
The shoes were made by hand. | 这些鞋是手工制作的。 |
注意:
被动语态里要用过去分词。
Wrong | Correct |
It was invent in 1876. | It was invented in 1876. |
The shirt is make of cotton. | The shirt is made of cotton. |
7. be used for / be used to:用来……
询问用途时,可以用:
English | 中文 |
What is it used for? | 它是用来做什么的? |
It is used for making calls. | 它是用来打电话的。 |
It is used to take photos. | 它被用来拍照。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
be used for + verb-ing | 被用来做某事 |
be used to + verb | 被用来做某事 |
例子:
English | 中文 |
A phone is used for making calls. | 电话是用来打电话的。 |
A fridge is used for keeping food cold. | 冰箱是用来让食物保持低温的。 |
A camera is used to take photos. | 相机是用来拍照的。 |
8. should be allowed to:应该被允许
谈论规则、自由和选择时,可以用:
should be allowed to + 动词原形
English | 中文 |
Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. | 青少年应该被允许选择自己的衣服。 |
Students should be allowed to join clubs. | 学生应该被允许参加社团。 |
Teenagers should not be allowed to drive too early. | 青少年不应该太早被允许开车。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
should be allowed to + verb | 应该被允许做某事 |
should not be allowed to + verb | 不应该被允许做某事 |
例子:
English | 中文 |
Students should be allowed to ask questions. | 学生应该被允许提问。 |
Teenagers should be allowed to make some decisions. | 青少年应该被允许做一些决定。 |
Students should not be allowed to cheat. | 学生不应该被允许作弊。 |
注意:
allowed to 后面用动词原形。
Wrong | Correct |
allowed to choosing | allowed to choose |
allowed to goes | allowed to go |
9. 情态动词表推测:must / might / could / can’t
根据线索推测时,可以用这些词。
Word | 中文 | 确定程度 |
must | 一定 | 很确定 |
might | 可能 | 不太确定 |
could | 可能 | 不太确定 |
can’t | 不可能 | 很确定不是 |
例子:
English | 中文 |
It must belong to Carla. | 它一定属于 Carla。 |
It might be Tom’s. | 它可能是 Tom 的。 |
It could belong to Mary. | 它可能属于 Mary。 |
It can’t be Jack’s. | 它不可能是 Jack 的。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
must be + person’s | 一定是某人的 |
must belong to + person | 一定属于某人 |
might / could be + person’s | 可能是某人的 |
can’t be + person’s | 不可能是某人的 |
注意:
情态动词后面用动词原形。
Wrong | Correct |
It must belongs to Carla. | It must belong to Carla. |
It can’t is Jack’s. | It can’t be Jack’s. |
10. 定语从句:noun + that…
描述喜欢的音乐、电影、书时,可以用 that 引导定语从句。
English | 中文 |
I like music that I can dance to. | 我喜欢可以跟着跳舞的音乐。 |
I like songs that are relaxing. | 我喜欢让人放松的歌曲。 |
I prefer music that has great lyrics. | 我更喜欢歌词很棒的音乐。 |
I like movies that are funny. | 我喜欢有趣的电影。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
noun + that + sentence | ……的名词 |
music that I can dance to | 我可以跟着跳舞的音乐 |
songs that are relaxing | 让人放松的歌曲 |
movies that are funny | 有趣的电影 |
描述人时,常用 who。
English | 中文 |
I like people who are kind. | 我喜欢善良的人。 |
I prefer teachers who explain clearly. | 我更喜欢解释清楚的老师。 |
11. make + 人 + 动词 / 形容词
表达“让某人……”时,用 make。
make + 人 + 动词原形
English | 中文 |
Sad movies make me cry. | 悲伤电影让我哭。 |
Funny movies make me laugh. | 搞笑电影让我笑。 |
This song makes me smile. | 这首歌让我微笑。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
make + person + verb | 让某人做某事 |
注意:第二个动词用原形。
Wrong | Correct |
make me crying | make me cry |
make me laughs | make me laugh |
make + 人 + 形容词
English | 中文 |
Loud music makes me nervous. | 大声音乐让我紧张。 |
Soft music makes me relaxed. | 轻柔音乐让我放松。 |
Good news makes me happy. | 好消息让我开心。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
make + person + adjective | 让某人感到…… |
12. be supposed to:应该 / 按习俗应该
谈论礼仪和习俗时,可以用:
be supposed to + 动词原形
English | 中文 |
You’re supposed to shake hands. | 你应该握手。 |
You’re supposed to be on time. | 你应该准时。 |
You’re not supposed to be late. | 你不应该迟到。 |
People are supposed to bow in some countries. | 在一些国家,人们应该鞠躬。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
am / is / are supposed to + verb | 应该做某事 |
am / is / are not supposed to + verb | 不应该做某事 |
例子:
English | 中文 |
We are supposed to respect local customs. | 我们应该尊重当地习俗。 |
Students are supposed to listen in class. | 学生应该在课堂上听讲。 |
You’re not supposed to talk loudly. | 你不应该大声说话。 |
13. 过去完成时:had + 过去分词
表达“过去某个时间之前已经发生的事”,用过去完成时。
English | 中文 |
By the time I arrived, the class had started. | 当我到达时,课已经开始了。 |
By the time I got to the station, the bus had left. | 当我到车站时,公交车已经离开了。 |
I had finished my homework before dinner. | 晚饭前我已经完成作业了。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
had + past participle | 已经…… |
By the time + past action, subject had + past participle. | 当……时,某事已经……了。 |
before + past action, subject had + past participle. | 在……之前,某事已经……了。 |
常见过去分词:
Verb | Past Participle | 中文 |
start | started | 开始 |
finish | finished | 完成 |
leave | left | 离开 |
eat | eaten | 吃 |
go | gone | 去 |
see | seen | 看见 |
do | done | 做 |
forget | forgotten | 忘记 |
14. try to / stop doing:环保行动
谈论环保行动时,常用:
try to + 动词原形
English | 中文 |
We’re trying to save the earth. | 我们正在努力拯救地球。 |
I try to save water. | 我努力节约用水。 |
We try to reduce waste. | 我们努力减少浪费。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
try to + verb | 努力做某事 |
be trying to + verb | 正在努力做某事 |
try not to + verb | 努力不做某事 |
stop + 动词 ing
English | 中文 |
Stop wasting water. | 停止浪费用水。 |
Stop throwing trash everywhere. | 停止到处扔垃圾。 |
Stop using too much plastic. | 停止使用太多塑料。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
stop + verb-ing | 停止做某事 |
15. remember doing / remember to do
谈论回忆和提醒时,要区分两个结构。
Structure | 中文 | 用法 |
remember + verb-ing | 记得做过某事 | 回忆过去 |
remember to + verb | 记得要做某事 | 提醒未来 / 还没做 |
例子:
English | 中文 |
I remember meeting all of you in Grade 7. | 我记得在七年级见到你们所有人。 |
I remember studying with my classmates. | 我记得和同学们一起学习。 |
Please remember to thank your teacher. | 请记得感谢你的老师。 |
Remember to bring your notebook. | 记得带你的笔记本。 |
16. 现在完成时:have / has + 过去分词
回顾从过去到现在的成长,可以用现在完成时。
English | 中文 |
We have learned a lot. | 我们学到了很多。 |
We have grown up together. | 我们一起成长了。 |
I have made many friends. | 我交了很多朋友。 |
She has become more confident. | 她变得更自信了。 |
结构:
English Structure | 中文意思 |
have + past participle | 已经…… |
has + past participle | 他 / 她 / 它已经…… |
例子:
English | 中文 |
I have learned English for three years. | 我已经学英语三年了。 |
We have worked hard together. | 我们一起努力过。 |
He has changed a lot. | 他改变了很多。 |
重点结构
Grammar | Example | 中文 |
by + verb-ing | I learn English by listening. | 我通过听学习英语。 |
I think that… | I think that mooncakes are delicious. | 我认为月饼很好吃。 |
indirect question | Could you tell me where the bank is? | 你能告诉我银行在哪里吗? |
used to | I used to be shy. | 我以前很害羞。 |
be made of | The shirt is made of cotton. | 衬衫是棉做的。 |
passive voice | It was invented in 1876. | 它是在 1876 年被发明的。 |
allowed to | Teenagers should be allowed to choose. | 青少年应该被允许选择。 |
must / might / can’t | It must belong to Carla. | 它一定属于 Carla。 |
relative clause | I like music that I can dance to. | 我喜欢可以跟着跳舞的音乐。 |
make + person + verb/adjective | Sad movies make me cry. | 悲伤电影让我哭。 |
supposed to | You’re supposed to shake hands. | 你应该握手。 |
past perfect | The class had started. | 课已经开始了。 |
try to / stop doing | Stop wasting water. | 停止浪费用水。 |
remember doing | I remember meeting you. | 我记得见过你。 |
小对话
English | 中文 |
A: How do you learn English? | A:你怎样学习英语? |
B: I learn English by listening and reading. | B:我通过听和读学习英语。 |
A: What kind of music do you like? | A:你喜欢什么类型的音乐? |
B: I like music that I can dance to. | B:我喜欢可以跟着跳舞的音乐。 |
A: How do sad movies make you feel? | A:悲伤电影让你感觉怎么样? |
B: Sad movies make me cry. | B:悲伤电影让我哭。 |
A: What do you remember about school? | A:关于学校,你记得什么? |
B: I remember meeting my classmates. | B:我记得见到我的同学们。 |
开口练习
请大声读下面的句子。
English | 中文 |
I learn English by practicing. | 我通过练习学习英语。 |
I think that learning takes time. | 我认为学习需要时间。 |
Could you tell me where the library is? | 你能告诉我图书馆在哪里吗? |
I used to be quiet. | 我以前很安静。 |
This cup is made of glass. | 这个杯子是玻璃做的。 |
It was invented many years ago. | 它是很多年前被发明的。 |
It must belong to Carla. | 它一定属于 Carla。 |
I like songs that are relaxing. | 我喜欢让人放松的歌曲。 |
Good news makes me happy. | 好消息让我开心。 |
You’re supposed to be polite. | 你应该有礼貌。 |
现在用你自己的内容练习:
English | 中文 |
I learn English by _____. | 我通过_____学习英语。 |
I think that _____. | 我认为_____。 |
I used to _____. | 我以前_____。 |
This _____ is made of _____. | 这个_____是由_____制成的。 |
It was invented in _____. | 它是在_____年被发明的。 |
It must belong to _____. | 它一定属于_____。 |
I like _____ that _____. | 我喜欢_____的_____。 |
_____ makes me _____. | 让我。 |
You’re supposed to _____. | 你应该_____。 |
I remember _____ing. | 我记得做过_____。 |
本节小结
在这一节,你复习了第十三单元的重要语法。
你现在应该能使用这些结构:
English | 中文 |
by listening | 通过听 |
I think that… | 我认为…… |
Could you tell me where…? | 你能告诉我……在哪里吗? |
used to | 过去常常 |
be made of | 由……制成 |
was invented | 被发明 |
should be allowed to | 应该被允许 |
must / might / can’t | 一定 / 可能 / 不可能 |
music that… | ……的音乐 |
make me cry | 让我哭 |
supposed to | 应该 |
had started | 已经开始了 |
remember meeting | 记得见过 |
第十三单元的语法像一套更精细的工具。
以前你只能说简单事实,现在你可以表达观点、推测、回忆、规则、原因、情绪和时间先后。句子开始有了层次,也开始更像真正的英语。